Could our batteries be built without ‘critical’ metals?

Spotted: Lithium-ion batteries can contain various metals beyond lithium, including cobalt, aluminium, manganese, and nickel. All of these are considered “critical” minerals or materials by the US Department of Energy, meaning they’re extremely vulnerable to supply chain disruptions and are also essential in energy technologies. Because these are finite resources and some are in particularly limited supply, price and availability are very volatile, and often easily impacted by external socio-political factors. Recently, however, Zeta Energy has developed a battery that’s free from aluminium, copper, nickel, graphite, manganese, and cobalt.